Desde la grada feminista
Julieta Ortega | Girl Up
Por: Julieta Ortega / Girl Up Latinoamérica
Menstruando mientras juego
Para nadie es una sorpresa enterarse que el sistema patriarcal se ha encargado de que todos los modelos de investigación estén planteados a partir de la fisiología masculina. Por ejemplo, ¿sabías que los cinturones de seguridad en los vehículos están diseñados tomando en cuenta solo la anatomía masculina? Por lo que no son igual de efectivos al evitar lesiones graves cuando se trata del cuerpo de una mujer, pero eso es un tema para otro día.
En el ámbito deportivo también hay detalles importantes que se pasan por alto al ignorar que hay procesos biológicos diferentes entre hombres y mujeres. Existen procesos que únicamente la fisiología femenina lleva a cabo, como lo es la menstruación.
Ignorar un aspecto tan importante como la menstruación tiene consecuencias en el desempeño de las mujeres deportistas, no solo se trata de lidiar con el uso de compresas, tampones o copas menstruales; sino que también significa soportar el dolor físico, atravesar cambios de humor complicados e incluso episodios depresivos, entre otras cosas. Aunque pudiera parecer irrelevante, el ciclo menstrual tiene implicaciones en el rendimiento deportivo de las mujeres.
Durante las diferentes fases del periodo menstrual se liberan una cantidad diferente de hormonas, en especial estrógeno y progesterona, las cuales determinarán la idoneidad de la actividad física realizada en cada determinado momento del ciclo (Lovillo, 2018).
El ciclo menstrual se puede dividir para su estudio en tres diferentes etapas, la primera de ellas se conoce como fase folicular y se desarrolla durante los primeros días del ciclo. En este momento los niveles de producción de estrógeno apenas comienzan a aumentar por lo que las deportistas cuentan con una mayor capacidad de trabajo y se favorece la rápida recuperación muscular.
Durante la ovulación, la siguiente etapa del ciclo menstrual, se producen los niveles más altos de estrógeno, por lo tanto es también el punto máximo de rendimiento de las deportistas. Sin embargo, a finales de este periodo diminuye la producción de estrógeno y va en aumento la de progesterona, esto aumenta la laxitud muscular y diminuye su rigidez, por lo que se debe prestar especial atención a las lesiones y tomar máximas precauciones.
La última etapa del ciclo se llama fase lútea, la cual se desarrolla durante la segunda mitad del ciclo; los síntomas que se presentan están relacionados con la preparación del cuerpo femenino para un posible embarazo. Es en este momento cuando los cambios hormonales nos afectan tanto física como emocionalmente; durante esta estapa aumenta la presión arterial, la retención de líquidos y somos más susceptibles al mal humor y al cansancio.
Después de esta etapa tiene lugar el sangrado menstrual, durante estos días el rendimiento deportivo es mínimo. El sangrado provoca una gran perdida de hierro y hemoglobina, ralentizando los procesos de oxigenación muscular y fatigando el cuerpo.
A pesar de que el cuerpo de cada individuo es diferente y los cambios hormonales no le afectan de la misma manera a todas las mujeres, es importante tomar en cuenta que este proceso biológico influye en el comportamiento y desempeño de las deportistas, al hacerlo se podrían disminuir los obstáculos que le dificultan a las mujeres ser deportistas profesionales de alto rendimiento al mismo nivel que sus contrapartes masculinas.
Realizar rutinas de entrenamiento de acuerdo al nivel de rendimiento sugerido por el ciclo menstrual podría resultar en condiciones de desarrollo deportivo más óptimas y por tanto en mejores resultados tanto físicos como psicológicos, además se propiciaría la aceptación y autoconocimiento relacionado con el ciclo menstrual de cada una de las jugadoras, creando una relación más estrecha con su cuerpo y su salud.
Es importante fomentar el empoderamiento de la menstruación en el ámbito del deporte femenil, ya que generalmente no es tomado en cuenta y las niñas y mujeres necesitamos más espacios en los que nos sintamos cómodas compartiendo nuestras vivencias, donde sintamos una validación y nuestra salud menstrual sea una prioridad.
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